Background: The ethical challenges faced by undergraduate nursing students and nurses may lead to moral distress, negatively affecting learning capacity and self-confidence and potentially influencing the quality of patient care. Objective: To examine the state of knowledge regarding the moral distress among undergraduate nursing students during clinical practice. Methods: This scoping review followed JBI guidelines. First, the LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, and ProQuest databases were consulted. Next, the reference lists of the studies included in the (...) sample were checked. Studies exploring moral distress among undergraduate nursing students during clinical practice were included regardless of language or date of publication. Two independent reviewers simultaneously selected the studies. Results: The sample included 12 articles with different research designs. Three conditions that trigger moral distress among undergraduate nursing students emerged: Interpersonal relationships between students and preceptors/supervisors and multidisciplinary teams; interpersonal relationships between students and patients; and the relationship between students and health services. Conclusions: This review identified the various circumstances that lead to moral distress among undergraduate nursing students. Therefore, these results highlight the importance of preventing moral distress in this group through teaching, especially before students begin their clinical practices. (shrink)

We investigate the expressive power of memory logics. These are modal logics extended with the possibility to store (or remove) the current node of evaluation in (or from) a memory, and to perform membership tests on the current memory. From this perspective, the hybrid logic (↓), for example, can be thought of as a particular case of a memory logic where the memory is an indexed list of elements of the domain.

This commentary examines Diego Garrocho’s paper, “Mythological Sources of Memory and Oblivion.” I argue that Garrocho’s thesis hinges on the assumption that two historical continuities exist between myth and philosophy. First, it supposes a continuity of understanding: between the mythical conception of memory and oblivion, and the philosophical reformulation of the same, there lies no essential difference; both the mythical and philosophical traditions share a univocal, or at least analogical, concept of memory and oblivion. Second, it supposes a continuity (...) of appreciation: memory and oblivion are valued at various stages in the history of thought in univocal or analogical ways. I go on to see whether these continuities have taken place within the work of Plato, who, I argue, is an axial figure between myth and philosophy. (shrink)

En el artículo se presenta una descripción de la crítica a la modernidad demostrada por el filósofo argentino Enrique Dussel señalando el proceso mediante el cual se fue configurando como un proyecto europeo. En efecto, el artículo plantea que dicho proyecto se postula en el marco de una centralidad que iría a justificar las prácticas coloniales implementadas. Para lograr mantenerse dentro de la dinámica histórica, estos hábitos empezaron a circunscribirse en discursos míticos so pretexto de justificar la violencia efectuada en (...) las prácticas. Dussel, por su parte, propone la categoría de Transmodernidad como proyecto alternativo emergente a la modernidad europea. No obstante, esta propuesta es objeto de críticas como las del filósofo colombiano Santiago Castro-Gómez. (shrink)

En este artículo nos disponemos desarrollar la tesis según la cual la crítica elaborada por Santiago Castro-Gómez a Enrique Dussel se trató de una desnaturalización del análisis del filósofo argentino sobre el proyecto moderno, en la cual Castro-Gómez puso de relieve las prácticas de las herencias coloniales como condición de posibilidad para la emergencia de la modernidad, sin necesidad de recurrir a la figura fundante del sujeto, aspecto que sí se encuentra presente en la propuesta del mendocino. Esta tesis (...) se demostrará mediante un diálogo crítico entre estos dos autores en torno al problema de la modernidad y la colonialidad a partir de tres claves analíticas, la posmodernidad, la modernidad y la descolonización, con el fin de pensar el modo en que las prácticas coloniales operaron en el proyecto moderno a través del uso de los valores presentes en la misma modernidad, sin que ello implique caer en una supuesta desmodernización. (shrink)

Si de verdad somos una cultura heredera de los griegos, entonces Diego Quintana de Uña sería el Pitias moderno, donde su libro “El Síndrome de Epimeteo, Occidente la cultura del olvido” podría interpretarse como una suerte de oráculo de Delfos contemporáneo. Es fascinante e inquietante al mismo tiempo, la maestría con que el autor elabora una secuencia teorética a partir de lo que él denomina el “pensamiento único”, evidenciando en el trayecto, la recurrencia permanente de las crisis económic..

Reseña de NIETZSCHE, Friedrich: Obras completas . Volumen I. Escritos de juventud . Edición a cargo de Diego Sánchez Meca. Traducciones de Joan B. Llinares Chover, Diego Sánchez Meca y Luis E. de Santiago Guervós. Madrid: Tecnos, 2011.

Al recorrer estas páginas, apenas logro reconocer al joven profesor de Lógica y ayudante de Felix Schwartzmann en la cátedra de Filosofía de las ciencias, que conocí como estudiante en el antiguo Instituto Pedagógico; y no solo porque en este Diario “se trata de algo menos filosófico o, como se dice también, más terrenal”, sino porque aquí aparece un Juan Rivano con el mismo acerado rigor intelectual de entonces, pero más intuitivo, más de carne y hueso, y con un humor (...) que refresca la lectura de estas quinientas y tantas páginas. Desde la primera frase, este relato se inunda con esa variante de la “ciencia jovial”, que no le conocíamos al profesor. “Los primeros atisbos serios de mi no-existencia comenzaron con esa cajera del supermercado de nuestro barrio en Lund. Una muchacha alta, refinada, de rubia cabellera, de estrecho busto, derecha en su asiento, entera en su tarea”, que él frecuentó a diario y con la que “no recuerda haber intercambiado una frase en todos estos años”. (shrink)

El siguiente artículo revisa brevemente diferentes aspectos de los Comentarios Acerca del alma, dictados por el franciscano chileno fray Juan de Fuica, en mayo de 1689, en el Colegio San Diego de Alcalá de Santiago de Chile. Presentamos, primero, una nota biográfica del fraile con información relativa a su trayectoria académica y administrativa dentro de la orden franciscana. Luego, analizamos en cinco categorías los aspectos fundamentales de este curso inédito: características generales, características del lenguaje, estructura, método de enseñanza (...) y contenidos ad mentem Scoti. Creemos que con la edición de este testimonio exclusivo de la enseñanza filosófica de la época, visibilizamos el patrimonio filosófico colonial del país y, en consecuencia, llenamos una gran laguna en la historia de la filosofía chilena. This article briefly reviews the different aspects of the Commentaries On the Soul, dictated in 1689 by Chilean Franciscan Friar Juan de Fuica at San Diego de Alcalá College, Santiago de Chile. First, we present a biographical note on the Friar with information concerning his academic and administrative career within the Franciscan order. Second, we analyze in five categories the fundamental aspects of this unreleased manuscript: general features, language features, structure, teaching method and ad mentem Scoti contents. We believe that with the edition of this exclusive testimony of philosophical teachings at that time, we give visibility to the colonial philosophical heritage of the country and, thereby, fill a gap in the history of Chilean philosophy. (shrink)

In everyday life, we think of skepticism as the position of a stubborn person who has higher epistemic standards than others. Hence, the skeptic is someone who defends extravagant ideas. Some skeptics may deny that climate change is real, while others claim that the first moon landing did not take place. Contemporary philosophers think of skepticism in a different way. In their view, skepticism is the conclusion of a paradoxical argument about epistemic statuses like knowledge and reasons. A paradoxical argument (...) is a logically valid argument that, starting from seemingly plausible premises, reaches an absurd conclusion. We introduce two skeptical arguments. The regress argument purports to show that we lack reasons to believe any claim whatsoever because the search for those reasons inevitably leads to an infinite regress. The underdetermination argument seeks to prove that we lack reasons to believe that there are chairs, trees, other people, and so on; it supports that conclusion by citing skeptical hypotheses, including the idea that we might be dreaming (Descartes 1641) or the suggestion that we could be brains in a vat connected to a supercomputer that mimics the pattern of neural activity that would be produced if we were perceiving external objects (Putnam 1981). (shrink)

Pyrrhonism was one of the two main ancient skeptical traditions. In this second paper of the three‐part series devoted to ancient skepticism, I present and discuss some of the issues on Pyrrhonian skepticism which have been the focus of much attention in the recent literature. The topics to be addressed concern the outlooks of Pyrrho, Aenesidemus, and Sextus Empiricus.

El artículo que sigue fue publicado originalmente con el título "Causation" en el Journal of Philosophy 70.17 : 556-567, y luego reimpreso en Lewis, D. Philosophical Papers. Vol. II. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1986. 159-172. Esta traducción se publica conla autorización del Journal of Philosophy y de Oxford University Press.Querría agradecer aquí a Santiago Erpen, María José García Encinas,Diego Morales y Carolina Sartorio por diversos comentarios y sugerencias que me han permitido, espero, mejorar la traducción.

In his Pyrrhonian Outlines , Sextus Empiricus employs an argument based upon the possibility of disagreement in order to show that one should not assent to a Dogmatic claim to which at present one cannot oppose a rival claim. The use of this argument seems to be at variance with the Pyrrhonian stance, both because it does not seem to accord with the definition of Skepticism and because the argument appears to entail that the search for truth is doomed to (...) failure. In the present paper, I examine the passages in which Sextus utilizes the argument from possible disagreement and offer an interpretation that makes the use of this argument compatible with the Pyrrhonian outlook. (shrink)

La présente étude a deux objectifs. Le premier est d’examiner les différentes formulations de l’objection de l’ἀπραξία telle qu’elle fut soulevée contre le scepticisme académicien et le pyrrhonisme, ainsi que les réponses à cette objection proposées par Arcésilas et Sextus Empiricus. Le second objectif consiste à évaluer la force de la version de l’objection de l’ἀπραξία selon laquelle le sceptique ne peut réaliser les actions rationnelles propres à l’être humain.

The present paper has two, interrelated objectives. The first is to analyze the different senses in which arguments are characterized as persuasive in the extant writings of Sextus Empiricus. The second is to examine the Pyrrhonist’s therapeutic use of arguments in the discussion with his Dogmatic rivals – more precisely, to determine the sense and basis of Sextus’ distinction between therapeutic arguments that appear weighty and therapeutic arguments that appear weak in their persuasiveness.

The purpose of this paper is twofold: to discuss some challenging issues concerning Sextus’ works and outlook, and to offer an overview of the influence exerted by Sextan Pyrrhonism on both early modern and contemporary philosophy.

During the last thirty years different methods have been proposed in order to manage and resolve ethical quandaries, specially in the clinical setting. Some of these methodologies are based on the principles of Decision-making theory. Others looked to other philosophical traditions, like Principlism, Hermeneutics, Narrativism, Casuistry, Pragmatism, etc. This paper defends the view that deliberation is the cornerstone of any adequate methodology. This is due to the fact that moral decisions must take into account not only principles and ideas, but (...) also emotions, values and beliefs. Deliberation is the process in which everyone concerned by the decision is considered a valid moral agent, obliged to give reasons for their own points of view, and to listen to the reasons of others. The goal of this process is not the reaching of a consensus but the enrichment of one's own point of view with that of the others, increasing in this way the maturity of one's own decision, in order to make it more wise or prudent. In many cases the members of a group of deliberation will differ in the final solution of the case, but the confrontation of their reasons will modify the perception of the problem of everyone. This is the profit of the process. Our moral decisions cannot be completely rational, due to the fact that they are influenced by feelings, values, beliefs, etc., but they must be reasonable, that is, wise and prudent. Deliberation is the main procedure to reach this goal. It obliges us to take others into account, respecting their different beliefs and values and prompting them to give reasons for their own points of view. This method has been traditional in Western clinical medicine all over its history, and it should be also the main procedure for clinical ethics. (shrink)

Le scepticisme est une véritable constante de l’histoire de la philosophie depuis l’Antiquité. En se nourrissant des désaccords philosophiques, il ne cesse de se transformer pour mieux remettre en cause les certitudes du dogmatisme. Ce volume présente des contributions en langue française de spécialistes de la pensée sceptique dans l’antiquité, domaine qui s’est considérablement développé ces dernières années. Les études ici présentées portent aussi bien sur le pyrrhonisme que sur la nouvelle Académie ou l’empirisme médical ; elles utilisent une variété (...) d’approches (analytique, systématique et historiographique), toutes dans le même but : mieux comprendre l’énigme de la pensée sceptique. (shrink)

When involved in a disagreement, a common reaction is to tell oneself that, given that the information about one’s own epistemic standing is clearly superior in both amount and quality to the information about one’s opponent’s epistemic standing, one is justified in one’s confidence that one’s view is correct. In line with this natural reaction to disagreement, some contributors to the debate on its epistemic significance have claimed that one can stick to one’s guns by relying in part on information (...) about one’s first-order evidence and the functioning of one’s cognitive capacities. In this article, I argue that such a manoeuvre to settle controversies encounters the problem that both disputants can make use of it, the problem that one may be wrong about one’s current conscious experience, and the problem that it is a live possibility that many of one’s beliefs are the product of epistemically distorting factors. I also argue that, even if we grant that personal information is reliable, when it comes to real-life rather than idealized disagreements, the extent of the unpossessed information about one’s opponent’s epistemic standing provides a reason for doubting that personal information can function as a symmetry breaker. (shrink)

This study explored possible deficits in selective attention brought about by Dementia of Alzheimer Type (DAT). In three experiments, we tested patients with early DAT, healthy elderly, and young adults under low memory demands to assess perceptual filtering, conflict resolution, and set switching abilities. We found no evidence of impaired perceptual filtering nor evidence of impaired conflict resolution in early DAT. In contrast, early DAT patients did exhibit a global cost in set switching consistent with an inability to maintain the (...) goals of the task (mental set). We discuss these findings in relation to the DAT literature on executive attention, dual-tasking, and working memory. Ó 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. (shrink)

Understanding evolution beyond a gene-centered vision is a fertile ground for new questions and approaches. However, in this systemic perspective, we take issue with the necessity of the concept of information. Through the example of brain and language evolution, we propose the autonomous systems theory as a more biologically relevant framework for the evolutionary perspective offered by Jablonka & Lamb (J&L).

El trágico, pero brillante siglo XX, fue un largo periodo de tiempo permeado por enormes problemáticas políticas y económicas, por el albor de las guerras y por los profundos avances científicos, en el que, además, se dejó como hecho histórico, la implementación de la conjugación de las teorías de Charles Robert Darwin sobre la selección natural y los planteamientos de su primo Charles Galton Darwin sobre el proceso natural que se debe seguir para erradicar las deficiencias humanas. Esa conjugación de (...) teorías y planteamientos fueron denominados por Charles Galton en el año de 1883 como “eugenesia” y a través de su aplicación se buscó desde finales del siglo XIX e inicios del siglo XX, que la humanidad debía ser decantada en sus razas más aptas. El objetivo del presente trabajo, a través de una investigación documental y un método cualitativo de análisis, es exponer que las teorías filosóficas de perfeccionamiento de la raza humana reunidas en la eugenesia y usadas en el siglo XX, preponderantemente por el régimen nazi, aún siguen vigentes en los avances científicos de codificación del genoma humano, en las técnicas de reproducción humana asistida y en el diagnóstico genético preimplantacional, de cuyos desarrollos y consecuencias, se acuñó el término de eugenesia liberal. (shrink)

Ancient philosophy knew two main skeptical traditions: the Pyrrhonian and the Academic. In this final paper of the three‐part series devoted to ancient skepticism, I present some of the topics about Academic skepticism which have recently been much debated in the specialist literature. I will be concerned with the outlooks of Arcesilaus, Carneades, and Philo of Larissa.

Rerum Novarum is a unique case of an encyclical, for we know in great detail how it was drafted and written. If we connect this knowledge to the fact that Matteo Liberatore - the main thinker who collaborated to its writing - wrote a treatise on the Principles of Political Economy, we can analyse how economic thought and moral theology are intertwined in the work of Liberatore. Similarly, the study of the economic thought of Liberatore can help us understand two (...) important questions of Rerum Novarum, namely, private property and the question of a just wage. (shrink)

This study suggests a new approach to EEG data classification by exploring the idea of using evolutionary computation to both select useful discriminative EEG features and optimise the topology of Artificial Neural Networks. An evolutionary algorithm is applied to select the most informative features from an initial set of 2550 EEG statistical features. Optimisation of a Multilayer Perceptron is performed with an evolutionary approach before classification to estimate the best hyperparameters of the network. Deep learning and tuning with Long Short-Term (...) Memory are also explored, and Adaptive Boosting of the two types of models is tested for each problem. Three experiments are provided for comparison using different classifiers: one for attention state classification, one for emotional sentiment classification, and a third experiment in which the goal is to guess the number a subject is thinking of. The obtained results show that an Adaptive Boosted LSTM can achieve an accuracy of 84.44%, 97.06%, and 9.94% on the attentional, emotional, and number datasets, respectively. An evolutionary-optimised MLP achieves results close to the Adaptive Boosted LSTM for the two first experiments and significantly higher for the number-guessing experiment with an Adaptive Boosted DEvo MLP reaching 31.35%, while being significantly quicker to train and classify. In particular, the accuracy of the nonboosted DEvo MLP was of 79.81%, 96.11%, and 27.07% in the same benchmarks. Two datasets for the experiments were gathered using a Muse EEG headband with four electrodes corresponding to TP9, AF7, AF8, and TP10 locations of the international EEG placement standard. The EEG MindBigData digits dataset was gathered from the TP9, FP1, FP2, and TP10 locations. (shrink)

Este artículo especifica el contenido que Marx le dio al término Entäusserung, al que identificó como uno de los elementos constitutivos del trabajo humano. Su objetivo es ofrecer una explicación de la funcionalidad sistemática de Entäusserung en los Manuscritos de 1844 que permita su desambiguación y, con ello, contribuir a la especificación del origen de la propiedad privada y de la alienación (Entfremdung) que se produce a causa de esta.

This article examines a specific case of lying, at the same time judicial and mediatic, promoted from the highest levels of political power, the Leon Trotsky case, from the perspective of the work done by the International Commission of Investigation chaired by the American philosopher John Dewey. After a general justification and contextualization of the subject, and a historical account of the events that surrounded the “Moscow Trials” and the constitution of the Dewey Commission, some of the reasons why the (...) commission concluded that such processes had been judicial assemblies are reported. It closes with a reference to the way Dewey later denounced the media falsification of these events through the book Mission to Moscow. (shrink)

Desde hace varias décadas, los estudiosos debaten si la conceptualización aristotélica de la amistad se enmarca en concepciones éticas egoístas o altruistas. Aunque el Estagirita sostiene que los virtuosos aman y desean el bien de su amigo “por el amigo mismo” y que son capaces de actos altruistas como sacrificarse por el prójimo, también realiza afirmaciones consistentes con el egoísmo, a saber, que las relaciones amistosas y las marcas de la amistad se originan y se encuentran eminentemente en la relación (...) que el hombre bueno mantiene consigo mismo, que el amor hacia los amigos procede del amor por uno mismo, que cada uno es el mejor amigo de sí mismo, y que debemos amarnos, ante todo, a nosotros mismos. En este trabajo, me propongo analizar los pasajes que han suscitado la polémica en cuestión (IX. 4 y 8) focalizando en la función argumentativa que desempeña la premisa del amigo en tanto “otro sí mismo”. Puesto que tanto las lecturas altruistas como egoístas presuponen esta premisa, es imprescindible realizar un examen de las interpretaciones más relevantes del amigo en tanto “otro yo”. En suma, ya sea que se defienda una concepción egoísta o altruista de la amistad virtuosa, el eje del debate pasa por esclarecer la conceptualización aristotélica del amigo en tanto “otro sí mismo” y el papel desempeñado por los amigos en la _eudaimonía_. Aquí sostengo una lectura “analógica” del amigo en tanto “otro sí mismo”, de acuerdo con la cual el amor por el amigo es análogo e irreductible al amor propio, lo cual es compatible con reconocer que la amistad tiene por condición de posibilidad el amor de sí mismo. (shrink)

The concept of dignity has occasioned a robust conversation in recent healthcare scholarship. When viewed as a whole, research on dignity in healthcare has engaged each of the four bioethical principles popularized by Beauchamp and Childress, but has paid the least attention to beneficence. In this paper, we look at dignity and beneficence. We focus on the dignity promotion component of a model of dignity derived from a grounded theory study. After describing the study and presenting a précis of the (...) resulting model, we review the principle of beneficence and look at the ways in which the notion of dignity promotion can be used to complement our understanding of this principle. Specifically, we explore what we can learn from dignity promotion about the relational nature of beneficence in healthcare and how dignity promotion can be marshaled to help address the epistemological quandary of soft paternalism. (shrink)

Locke’s consciousness-based theory of personal identity resulted not only from his agnosticism on substance, but also from his biblical theology. This theory was intended to complement and sustain Locke’s moral and theological commitments to a system of otherworldly rewards and sanctions as revealed in Scripture. Moreover, he inferred mortalist ideas from the Bible, rejecting the resurrection of the same body and maintaining that the soul dies at physical death and will be resurrected by divine miracle. Accordingly, personal identity is neither (...) in the soul, nor in the body, nor in a union of soul and body. To Locke, personal identity is in consciousness, which, extending “backwards to any past Action or Thought,” enables the self, both in this life and upon resurrection for the Last Judgment, to recognize that “it is the same self now it was then; and ‘tis by the same self with this present one that now reflects on it, that that Action was done” (Essay II.xxvii.9). (shrink)

Se analiza la teoría de la democracia deliberativa de J. Habermas desde el punto de vista del conflicto. La tesis a defender en este trabajo sostiene que, junto con la búsqueda de consensos, el conflicto resulta también constitutivo de aquel planteo teórico respecto de la democracia. Esta relación entre consenso y conflicto en la democracia deliberativa se justifica teniendo en cuenta no solamente el procedimiento reconstructivo de los presupuestos pragmáticos del discurso argumentativo que resultan inherentes a los procesos decisorios, sino (...) también explicitando las implicancias democráticas de su planteo teórico relativo al ordenamiento institucional y la consecuente interacción entre los espacios formales e informales de la política en el Estado de derecho. La explicitación y el análisis de esta conexión, no reconocida por el filósofo de Frankfurt, contribuye a la expansión teórica de la democracia deliberativa sin por ello anular su estatus conceptual. (shrink)

We give a short proof of the fundamental theorem of central element theory. The original proof is constructive and very involved and relies strongly on the fact that the class be a variety. Here we give a more direct nonconstructive proof which applies for the more general case of a first-order class which is both closed under the formation of direct products and direct factors.

In this book, authors from a wide interdisciplinary spectrum discuss the issue of care. The book covers both philosophical and therapeutic studies and contains a three-pronged approach to discussing the concepts of care: vulnerability, otherness, and therapy. Above all, it is a matter of combining, in a plural form, a path with multiple theoretical and conceptual bifurcations, but which always point to an observation of society from the perspective of human vulnerability.

En esta introducción, enunciamos algunas de las preguntas principales que surgen de la reflexión sobre los lugares del conflicto en la filosofía política. Apoyándonos en los artículos del dossier, nos centramos, por un lado, en las interrogaciones referidas al topos de la política, en particular, en los rasgos distintivos de los espacios de conflictividad, sus condiciones, configuraciones y riesgos. Por otro lado, en los desafíos que imponen al pensamiento filosófico la elección de ciertos lugares concretos del conflicto o la preferencia (...) por determinadas escenas de antagonismo. (shrink)